How to Make Yoghurt

Short Description

• Problem: Protein-based nutrition instead of animal based proteins
• Idea: Production of vegetable based protein:Tofu & Soyamilk
• Difficulty: Easy
• Price Range: Less than 10 US$
• Material Needeed: Soya Beans, Meat Grinder (or Hand Mill)
• Geographic Area: Global
• Competencies:
• How Many people? One
• How Long does it take?

Tofu and Soymilk Production - Technical Brief

PRACTICAL ACTION
Technology challenging poverty

Although the highest quality protein is found in animal products (meat, milk, eggs and fish), these products are expensive and often exceed the financial capacity of people in the developing world. The soya bean is high in nutritional value and provides a satisfactory alternative to animal products. It belongs to the grain legumes (also called pulses) and contains good quality protein, oil, vitamins (from the B-group) and minerals (iron and calcium).

The production of tofu consists of two main steps:

• the preparation of soymilk;
• the coagulation of soymilk to form curds which are pressed to form tofu cakes.

Soaking the soya beans

Soya beans are soaked in cold water overnight or in very hot water for 2 to 3 hours, using 3 to 4 cups of water for each cup of dry soya beans. When the beans split open easily and are flat on the inside, they are ready to be drained. After the water is discarded, they should be washed in clean water.

Grinding and cooking the soya beans

A grinding rock, hand mill or meat grinder can be used to grind the beans into flour. When all the beans have been ground, boiling water (for each cup of dry soya beans about 8 cups of cooking water are used) is gradually mixed to the pulp and then it is left to simmer on the fire for 20 minutes. The soymilk is stirred regularly to avoid burning.

Straining the soymilk

The cooked milk is now sieved to extract the soymilk from the pulp using a filtering cloth. It is placed into a sieve which is positioned over a pot, lined with a filtering cloth. The cloth should be made from nylon or porous material - either a flour or sugar bag can be used. The sides of the cloth are held in each hand and moved up and down to roll the pulp back and forth so it forms a ball. The cloth is twisted tightly and held over a clean container while pressure is exerted onto it to extract the milk.

Soymilk

Soymilk is easily digestible and one pint of it can provide over one half of a young child’s daily protein requirement. It can be sweetened with sugar or flavoured with chocolate, cinnamon or vanilla. Salt may also be added.

Coagulating soymilk

Soymilk is heated over a fire and boiled for 3 to 5 minutes with continuous stirring. The pot is removed from the heat and a 4% acetic acid solution is added to the soymilk and stirred constantly until a good coagulum is formed. Vinegar usually contains 4% acetic acid solution and for every litre of soymilk, 2 tablespoons of vinegar are used.

Straining the curds

When large white curds can be seen floating in a clear yellow liquid, called whey, the soymilk is completely curded and ready to be filtered through a clean cloth into a suitable mould. The same method is used here as used in straining the soymilk.

To form a block of tofu, press the cloth lined tofu with a weight for about 20 minutes which will reduce its water content by approximately 60%. This can be sliced and fried or eaten plain with salt. Alternatively, the loose curds can be scrambled in a pan with onion, tomatoes and salt and served on bread.

Preservation of soymilk and tofu

Soymilk can be stored in a bottle placed in a container of cold water. However, even in cool weather, soymilk can only be kept for a day using this method.

Unseasoned block tofu should be stored under water to prevent drying out and can be kept for 2 days in moderate temperatures.

When refrigeration is available, soymilk can be kept for up to 5 days and tofu for about 10 days.

Soymilk that sours will form into curds by natural fermentation. Providing the curds are solid and not discoloured or slimy, they can be boiled for 30 to 40 minutes to kill the bacteria and made into cheese. Tofu that becomes slightly sour can also be eaten if boiled for 20 to 30 minutes.

References & useful contacts

This Howtopedia entry was derived from the Practical Action Technical Brief Tofu and Soymilk Production.
To look at the original document follow this link: http://www.practicalaction.org/?id=technical_briefs_food_processing

• Tofu & Soymilk Production, Shurtleff, W. & Aoyagi, A.
• Small-scale and Home Processing of Soya Beans with Applications and Recipes, Loo, T.G.
• Soya - Agrodok 10, Agromisa
• Soy Demonstration Program, Plenty International

Equipment suppliers

Note: this is a selective list of suppliers and does not imply endorsement by Practical Action

Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering

Nabi Bagh
Berasia Road
Bhopal - 462 038 (M.P.)
India
Tel: +91 755 530980 - 87
Fax: +91 755 534016

• Soybean Dehuller. Capacity: 100kg/hour
• Low-cost multipurpose grainmill. Suitable for soybean Capacity: 10-70 kg/hour
• Soybean flaking machine. Capacity: 20 kg/hour

Lehman Hardware Appliances
One Lehman Circle
PO Box 41
Kidron
Ohio 44636
USA
Telephone: +1 33 857 5757
Fax: +1 33 857 5785

• Yoghurt incubator: Works with any milk including cow, soybean or goat milk. Power: Manual

Actini Parc de Montigny
Maxilly sur Leman
75500 Evian les Bains
France
Tel: +33 04 05 70 74 74
Fax: +33 04 50 70 74 75
Agrolactor. A Compact and automated platform for soya milk production.
Capacity: 250 litres/hour Power: Electric

Useful addresses

Practical Action The Schumacher Centre for Technology & Development, Bourton on Dunsmore, RUGBY, CV23 9QZ, United Kingdom.
Tel.: +44 (0) 1926 634400, Fax: +44 (0) 1926 634401 e-mail:practicalaction@practicalaction.org.uk web:www.practicalaction.org