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| − | =Small-Scale Spice Processing - Technical Brief=
| + | #[[How to Prepare Construction Materials?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Make Bricks?]] |
| − | ==Introduction==
| + | ##[[How to Make Concrete Blocks?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Make Pressed Earth-Cement Blocks?]] |
| − | <div class="booktext">
| + | ##[[How to Plant Construction Bamboo?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Cut Trees into Planks?]] |
| − | The processing and trade of spices has always been an important industry. The spice trade still has a significant impact on the economy of many countries eg Grenada, Sri Lanka and Indonesia. Small-scale processing of spices can be economically and socially successful.
| + | ##[[How to Make Tiles?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Make Roof Tiles?]] |
| − | </div>
| + | ##[[How to Make Mortar?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Make Concrete?]] |
| − | ==Correct harvesting time==
| + | ##[[What Are the Alternatives to Concrete?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Make Natural Paint?]] |
| − | <div class="booktext">
| + | ##[[How to Make Insulating Material?]] |
| − | | + | #[[How to Plan a School Building?]] |
| − | It is not possible to produce a good spice product from low quality harvested material. The main obstacle to correct harvesting is the crop being picked immature. This is usually due to fear of theft or the farmer requiring money urgently. However, every effort should be made to wait until the spices are fully mature.
| + | ##[[How to Build a School Building in Developing Countries]] |
| − | | + | #[[How to Plan a House?]] |
| − | </div>
| + | ##[[How to Build For Dry Hot Climates?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build For Wet Hot Climates?]] |
| − | ==Cleaning==
| + | ##[[How to Build For Dry Cold Climates?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build For Wet Cold Climates?]] |
| − | <div class="booktext">
| + | ##[[How to Build For Windy / Stormy Climates?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[What are the Principles of House Insulation?]] |
| − | The crop should be cleaned before processing. The first stage is to remove dust and dirt using a winnowing basket. This can be made locally from bamboo, palm or other leaves. Someone used to this work can remove the dust, dirt and stones quickly and efficiently (eg they could clean 100kg of pepper in an eight-hour day). Small machines are available for cleaning but they are rarely cost effective.
| + | ##[[What are the Principles of Earthquake Resistant Constructions?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Define the Program of the Building?]] |
| − | After winnowing the crop needs to be washed in water, all that is needed is two or three 15 litre buckets. For larger quantities a 1m³ sink/basin with a plug hole needs to be constructed. This can be made out of concrete. However, the water must be changed regularly to prevent recontamination of spices by dirty water. Only potable water should be used.
| + | ##[[How to Organize the Plan of the House?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[What are Reasonable Span of Various Materials]] |
| − | </div>
| + | ##[[How Much Will the House Cost?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a House With or Without Construction Compagny?]] |
| − | ==Drying==
| + | #[[How to Build a Brick House?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Brick Wall?]] |
| − | <div class="booktext">
| + | ##[[How to Build Scaffoldings for Brick Constructions?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Floor?]] |
| − | This is by far the most important stage in the process to ensure good quality spices. Inadequately dried produce will lead to mould growth. The sale value of mouldy spices can be less than 50% of the normal value. In addition the growth of food poisoning bacteria on some spices is a real danger if proper washing and drying is not carried out.
| + | ##[[How to Build Stairs?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Roof?]] |
| − | '''Drying during the dry season'''
| + | ##[[How to Build a Brick Cupola?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Brick Vault?]] |
| − | During the dry season, sun drying is usually adequate to dry the produce. The simplest and cheapest method is to lay the produce on mats in the sun. However, there are problems associated with this method. Dust and dirt are blown onto the crop and unexpected rainstorms can re-wet the crop.
| + | #[[How to Build an Earth House?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Earth Wall?]] |
| − | A solar dryer avoids these problems. The simplest type is the cabinet solar dryer, see Figure 1, which can be constructed out of locally available materials (eg bamboo, coir fibre or nylon weave).
| + | ##[[How to Build Scaffoldings for Earth Constructions?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Floor?]] |
| − | <center>
| + | ##[[How to Build Stairs?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Roof?]] |
| − | [[Image:p001.gif]]<br />'''Figure 1: Cabinet solar dryer''' | + | ##[[How to Build a Cupola?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Vault?]] |
| − | </center>
| + | #[[How to Build a Wood House?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Wall?]] |
| − | For larger units (over 30kg/day) an 'Exell Solar Dryer' could be used, see Figure 2. However, the construction costs are greater and a full financial evaluation should therefore be made to ensure that a higher income from better quality spices can justify the additional expense.
| + | ##[[How to Build Scaffoldings and Help Constructions?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Wood Floor?]] |
| − | <center>
| + | ##[[How to Build a Wood Roof?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build Wood Stairs?]] |
| − | [[Image:p002a.gif]]<br />'''Figure 2: Excell solar dryer''' | + | #[[How to Build a Straw House?]] |
| − | | + | #[[How to Build a Bamboo House?]] |
| − | </center>
| + | #[[How to Build a House out of...?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a House out of Corrugated Metal?]] |
| − | '''Drying during the wet season'''
| + | ##[[How to Build a House out of Glass Bottles?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a House out of Aluminium Bottles?]] |
| − | During the wet season or times of high humidity, which often coincides with the harvest of the spices, a solar dryer or sun drying can not be used effectively. An artificial dryer that uses a cheap energy source is necessary. This may be a wood or husk burning dryer or a combined wood burning and solar dryer. Figures 3-6 show a combined wood burning and solar drier which is based on the McDowell Dryer and has been used in Sri Lanka.
| + | #[[How to Build...?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Retaining Wall?]] |
| − | <center>
| + | ##[[How to Build a Road?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Stall?]] |
| − | [[Image:p002b.gif]]<br />'''Figure 3: Combined dryer showing solar upper section''' | + | ##[[How to Build a Well?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Water Tank?]] |
| − | </center><center>
| + | ##[[How to Build a Toilet?]] |
| − | | + | ##[[How to Build a Rural Lighting?]] |
| − | [[Image:p002c.gif]]<br />'''Figure 4: Wood burning section''' | |
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| − | </center><center>
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| − | [[Image:p002d.gif]]<br />'''Figure 5: Showing the food trays''' | |
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| − | </center><center>
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| − | [[Image:p002e.gif]]<br />'''Figure 6: The main body of the dryer''' | |
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| − | </center>
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| − | The crop should not be overheated (eg the maximum air temperature for drying pepper and cardamom is 50ºC). Neither should it be overdried (the final moisture contents for various spices are shown in Table 1).
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| − | <div align="left">
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| − | {| border="1" cellpadding="5"
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| − | Spice
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| − | Maximum final moisture content % (wet basis)
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| − | Mace
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| − | 6.0
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| − | Nutmeg, cloves
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| − | 8.0
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| − | Turmeric, coriander
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| − | 9.0
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| − | Cinnamon
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| − | 11.0
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| − | Pepper, pimento, chillies, ginger
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| − | 12.0
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| − | Cardamom
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| − | 13.0
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| − | |}
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| − | </div>
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| − | Table 1: Spice moisture content
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| − | The drying of certain spices requires special conditions. For example, cardamom has to be dried in the dark so that the green colour is retained.
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| − | </div>
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| − | ==Grading==
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| − | <div class="booktext">
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| − | Spices can be graded by size, density, colour, shape and flavour. Machines are available for larger scale production units.
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| − | </div>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Grinding==
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| − | <div class="booktext">
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| − | Grinding may also add value but must be done carefully as there are difficulties. A whole, intact product can be easily assessed for quality whereas a ground product is more difficult. There is a market resistance to ground spices due to fear of adulteration or the use of low quality spices. This can only be overcome by producing a consistently high quality product and gaining the confidence of customers.
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| − | For small-scale production (up to 100kg/day) manual grinders are adequate. Small Chinese or Indian models designed for domestic spice grinding are suitable. A treadle or bicycle could be attached to make the work easier.
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| − | For larger scale production a small, powered grinding mill is needed and models are available that can grind 25kg/hour. A grinding mill needs to be placed in a separate and well ventilated room because of the dust. Great care is needed to ensure uniform sized pieces/powders after grinding and also to prevent heating of spices during grinding.
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| − | </div>
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| − | ==Packaging==
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| − | <div class="booktext">
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| − | The packaging requirements depend on: 1) the type of spice, 2) whether it is ground or intact and 3) the humidity of storage. Most intact spices will store adequately in sacks/boxes if the humidity of the air is not too high. Ground spices can also be stored without special packaging if humidity is low but over long periods there is a loss of flavour and risk of contamination and spillage.
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| − | It is therefore better to store spices in a barrier film such as polypropylene (essential in areas of high humidity) to provide an attractive package, retain spice quality and prevent contamination and losses. If polypropylene is not available, cellulose film is adequate if it is heat sealable. Polythene is a poor substitute and should only be used for short term storage as it allows the flavour/aroma of the spices to escape.
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| − | '''Equipment suppliers'''
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| − | Note: This is a selective list of suppliers and does not imply endorsement by Practical Action'''.'''
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| − | Kaps Engineers 831, G.I.D.C.<br /> Makarpura<br /> Vadodara - 390 010<br /> India<br /> Tel: +91 265 644692/640785/644407<br /> Fax: +91 265 643178/642185<br /> M.S.Stand (Batch Operation)<br /> Mills recommended for smaller equipment of lower throughput capacity or where frequent changeover of product is a criterion.<br /> Power: Electric
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| − | Jimo Agricultural Machinery Works<br /> Shandong Province<br /> China<br /> Cibler FFC 15 (with motor)<br /> Cibler FFC 23 (with motor)<br /> Lehman Hardware Appliances
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| − | One Lehman Circle<br /> PO Box 41<br /> Kidron<br /> Ohio 44636<br /> USA<br /> Tel: +1 33 857 5757<br /> Fax: +1 33 857 5785<br /> Email: [mailto:GetLehmans@aol.com GetLehmans@aol.com]<br /> Manual grain mill that adjusts from powder fine to flaky coarse.
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| − | Alvan Blanch<br /> Chelworth<br /> Malmesbury<br /> Wiltshire<br /> SN16 9SG<br /> UK<br /> Tel: +44 (0) 666 577333<br /> Fax: +44 (0) 666 577339<br /> E-Mail: [mailto:info@alvanblanch.co.uk info@alvanblanch.co.uk]<br /> Website: http://www.alvanblanch.co.uk<br /> • Mills and Grinders General for fine or coarse grinding of crops. Capacity: 15- 1000 kg/hour. Hand powered and motorised
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| − | <br /> Turma grinder<br /> Hindustan Engineering Company<br /> 25/31 Ropewalk Street<br /> Fort<br /> Bombay<br /> India<br /> Hand operated mills
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| − | R Hunt & Co Limited<br /> c/o Bentall Simplex Industries Limited<br /> Foxhills Industrial Estate<br /> Scunthorpe<br /> DN15 8QW<br /> United Kingdom<br /> Atlas No 1 handpower grinding mill
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| − | Sabo Engineering Rajastan<br /> Kuchaman Road<br /> Rajastan 341 509<br /> India<br /> Pulco star grinder (with motor)
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| − | Acufil Machines SF.120/2<br /> Kalapatty<br /> Coimbatore - 641 035<br /> India<br /> Tel: +91 (0)422 866108/866205<br /> Fax: +91 (0)422 572640<br /> Email: [mailto:gondalu@yahoo.com gondalu@yahoo.com]<br /> • Roasting equipment used for the roasting of dhal, spices, wheat and all food products that require pre-cooking or pre-roasting. Food Power by gas, battery, electric.<br /> • Tray drier used for removing moisture from food products such as spices etc. Contains 12 trays. Capacity: 50 kg/charge Power: Electric
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| − | </div>
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| − | ==References and further reading==
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| − | <div class="booktext">
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| − | ''Cardamom'' Practical Action Technical brief
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| − | ''Cinnamon'' Practical Action Technical brief
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| − | ''Cloves'' Practical Action Technical Briefs
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| − | ''Cunmin'' Practical Action Technical Brief
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| − | ''Nutmeg and Mace'', Practical Action Technical Brief
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| − | ''Turmeric,'' Practical Action Technical brief
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| − | ''Processing of Black Pepper'', ITDG Food Chain No. 3
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| − | ''Spice Plants'', M. Borget, 1993, CTA/MacMillan
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| − | '''Practical Action, The Schumacher Centre for Technology & Development'''<br />'''Bourton Hall, Bourton-on-Dunsmore, Rugby, Warwickshire CV23 9QZ, UK'''<br />'''Tel: +44 (0)1926 634400 Fax: +44(0)1926 634401 E-mail: [mailto:infoserv@practicalaction.org.uk infoserv@practicalaction.org.uk] Web: http://www.practicalaction.org'''
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| − | '''Intermediate Technology Development Group Ltd Patron HRH -The Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB'''<br />'''Company Rag. No 871964. England Rag. Charity No 247257 VAT No 241 6164 92'''<br />
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